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Clause Order Means Emphasis?
The natural way to express is relative clause and then object the clause is about. That’s the correct way and natural way of speaking. How strong of an observation is that changing the order shifts emphasis? Or is it only for ཡག་
The CV that needs to be written, how does it have to be?
མི་ཚེའི་ལོ་རྒྱུས་མདོར་བསྡུས་འབྲི་ཡག་དེ་གང་འདྲས་གཅིག་དགོས་ཀྱི་ཡོད་རེད།
Answer: Not only particular to ཡག་ also can be done with the other nominalizers. But it’s not the natural flow, so it’s better as beginners to use the canonical construction, but be aware that — since language is a living organism — might hear it the other way around.
Intensifiers Inbetween Adjective
Fascinating to see the adjective ཐང་ཆད་ tired split in two when added the ཞེ་དྲགས་:
ཐང་ཞེ་དྲགས་ཆད་
Answer: It’s because ཐང་ཆད་(པ་) acts as a verb — to be tired—, not an adjective.
Guthuk ཡུམ་ཡུམ་
Guthuk I needed to make a not for it :)
Do we need རག་ “I didn’t get to …” needs-teacher
Today I didn’t get to go to the park.
དེ་རིང་གླིང་ག་ལ་འགྲོ་ཡག་མ་བྱུང་།
Question: How to say the highest or the lowest floor? needs-teacher
The one the lowest bottom, or the one at the uppermost top.
Does མཁན་ and སའི་ Take Verb in Present Tense Always?
This question arose while sumarizing Relative Clauses Practice Template from the webinar.
It’s clear that པའི་ always takes the verb in the past form. But I observed with the other nominalizers it always uses the present tense.
- ཁོང་ཚོས་ཕྱུ་པ་སྙིང་རྗེ་པོ་གྱོན་མཁན་གྱི་བོད་པ་དེ་ཚོས་ཟ་ཁང་ལ་མོག་མོག་བཟས་སོང་།
- བོད་པ་དེ་ཚོས་ངའི་གྲོགས་མོས་ལས་ཀ་བྱེད་སའི་ཟ་ཁང་ལ་མོག་མོག་བཟས་སོང་།
- བོད་པ་དེ་ཚོས་ཟ་ཁང་ལ་མ་བྱན་གྱི་སྐྱེས་དམན་གྱིས་བཟོས་པའི་མོག་མོག་བཟས་སོང་།
Is this correct?
Answer: yes.
Could I use for instance མཁན་ in the future tense? The ones who will eat momos are those Tibetan people མོག་མོག་བཟོ་གྱི་ཡིན་མཁན་བོད་པ་དེ་ཚོ་རེད།
Answer: no. Except for པའི་ all nominalizers take the present form, therefore the meaning of what tense does it refer to becomes contextual.
What about making a relative clause of a whole sentence, by looking at the notes I think in that case we can conjugate it in all tenses?
| Tense | Example To Verify |
|---|---|
| Future | ཁོང་མོག་མོག་བཟོ་གྱི་ཡིན་པ་དེ་ལ་དགའ་པོ་ཡོད། |
| Present | ཁོང་མོག་མོག་ཟོ་གྱི་ཡོད་པ་དེ་ལ་དགའ་པོ་ཡོད། |
| Past | ཁོང་མོག་མོག་བཟོས་ཡོད་པ་དེ་ལ་དགའ་པོ་ཡོད། |
Answer: This is correct, when nominalizing the whole sentence the tense is preserved.
Reference to the original notes:
3. To Nominalize a Whole Phrase or Sentence
Least common, and not proper relative clause, but more of a introductory phrase (a phrase that begins roughly speaking with “The fact that…“).
Link to original
verb phrase (any tense) auxiliary (བདག) པ་ དེ་ rest of the sentence ཁོང་དེང་སང་དབྱིན་སྐད་སྦྱོང་ གི་ཡོད་ པ་ དེ་ ངས་ཧ་གོ་མ་སོང་། These days he studies English aux. (བདག) པ་ (the fact) that I didn’t know. I didn’t know that these days he studies English
Meeting a friend… Subject and object…
I need to get those marked… With my SLC fellow we practiced joyfully by selecting what to turn into a relative clause on sentences that has subject, object and also place (sorry I don’t have the grammar words). It was very stimulating.
I would like to clarify more the differences between a ཐ་དད་པ་ and ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ when producing those clauses.
I met a friend at the shop
- Verb category: ཐ་མི་དད་པ་
- Subject: I
- Indirect Direct object (?): A friend
- Place: Shop
I sent a letter to mother
- Verb category: ཐ་དད་པ་
- Subject: I
- Indirect object: My mother
- Direct object: A letter
| Verb | Relative clause on… | Sentence |
|---|---|---|
| ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ | Subject | I am who met the friend at the market གྲོགས་པོ་ཁྲོམ་ལ་ཐུག་པའི་ངས་ཡིན། |
| ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ | … indirect? object? Answer: diret | The person that I met at the market is my friend. ཁྲོམ་ལ་ཐུག་ སའི་ or པའི་ (?) མི་དེ་ངའི་གྲོགས་པོ་རེད། |
| ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ | Place | The place where I met my friend is the market. ངའི་གྲོགས་པོ་ཐུག་ས་ཁྲོམ་ལ་རེད། |
| ཐ་དད་པ་ | Subject | I am who sent the letter to mother. ཨ་མ་བཏང་མཁན་གྱི་མི་ངའི་ཡིན་ |
| ཐ་དད་པ་ | Direct object | The thing that I sent to my mother is a letter. ངས་ངའི་ཨ་མ་བཏང་པའི་ཅ་ལག་དེ་ཡིག་གེ་གཅིག་རེད། |
| ཐ་དད་པ་ | Indirect object | The person whom I sent the letter to is my mother. ངས་ཡི་གས་བཏང་སའི་བུ་མོ་དེ་ངའི་ཨ་མ་ཡིན། |
Answer: It’s irrelevant whether a verb is ཐ་མི་དད་པ་ or ཐ་དད་པ་ when dealing with objects. The friend who I saw would still use པའི་. To know if it’s an indirect object and therefore if we use སའི་ we need to check if it takes ལ་དོན་ when in a sentence, if it does then it’s indirect. And don’t be confused when in our language The friend I go hiking with, the friend is not the subject but is an agent too so we use མཁན་, don’t categorize by if it’s the subject or the object, but categorize by whether it’s an agent or not, in that case.
- ཁྲོམ་ལ་མཐོང་ སའི་ པའི་ མི་དེ་་་
- ཁོང་བཟོས་ པའི་ མོ་མོ་དེ་་་་
- ང་མཉམ་དུ་རི་འཛེག་གར་འགྲོ་ མཁན་ རོགས་པ་དེ་་་
Frequency: How to say every 10 minutes? needs-teacher
སྐར་མ་བཅུ་རྟག་པར་་་ ?
The friend I know needs-teacher
How do we express this? The verb is ཐད་མི་དད་པ་
ང་ངོ་ཤེས་མཁན་གྱི་གྲོགས་པོ་་་
ང་ངོ་ཤེས་པའི་གྲོགས་པོ་་་
With whom I usually hike
The friend with whom I usually hike, the friend is indirect object? Which nominalizer do we use?
- ནམ་རྒྱུན་རི་འཛེག་མཁན་གི་གྲོགས་པོ་་་
- ནམ་རྒྱུན་རི་འཛེག་སའི་གྲོགས་པོ་་་
Answer: don’t categorize whether it’s indirect object or not, the friend is an agent of an action, the agent of hiking, just like me, so we would use ང་མཉམ་དུ་རི་འཛེག་གར་འགྲོ་མཁན་རོགས་པ་དེ་་་
Imperatives
I asked my tutor what’s the difference in the following sentences that all translate to Bring the books:
| Sentence | Observation |
|---|---|
| དེབ་འཁྱེར་ཤོག | In a normal tone doesn’t sound offending or too direct, it’s fine, I thought it was a bit rude since to me ཤོག་ sounds strong. |
| དེབ་འཁྱེར་ཤོག་ཨ་ | As you can see you can combine them, and it’s also common to say it like this. Also good, and neutral. |
| དེབ་འཁྱེར་ཨ་ | My tutor said that with ཨ་ it expresses it in a caring, loving manner, I thought that anything outside of དང་ or རོགས་གནང་ would be strong, but I just realized it’s not like that. |
Continue + gerund
Our teacher said མོ་མཐུད་ནས་ཀློག་རོགས་གནང་། Please continue reading. I should get more familiarised to this structure. Other colleagues also had to think a bit when she said it.
General Dancing
A colleague at class shared that ཞབ་བྲོ་འཁྲབ་པ་ when referring to traditional dances but if you want to say it in the context of a regular general dance, as in a club it’s funny! Would be like dancing གོར་གཞས་ at the techno club — though might set a trend ལོལ།
གཞས་འཁྲབ་ is a more neutral dance for dancing.
Asking for the meaning of things or what they refer to
They seem to make use of ཟེར་ན་ and a ལ་དོན་ when formulating such questions. And the verb གོ་ is not only hear but also refer.
དཔེ་ཆ་འདི་ཟེར་ན་དོན་དག་ག་རེ་ལ་གོ་གི་ཡོད་རེད།
What’s the meaning of this traditional text?
བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ་ཟེར་ན་ག་རེ་ལ་གོ་གི་ཡོད་རེད།
What does Bodhisattva refer to?
དེ་ནས་བྱུང་ཡོད་རེད་ — It Happened From There
This part in yellow sounded strange to me: དགོང་པ་དེའི་ནང་ལ་ཡུ་རོབ་གྱི་སྤུ་ཁུ་གཞས་གཏོང་མཁན་སྙིང་ཤོས་དེ་ནས་བྱུང་ཡོད་རེད་ཟ། Why དེ་ནས་? It’s to express དེ་ནས་ from here (basically the young children’s choir began/happened from there).
Describing Pilgrimage Sites
How Does One Go About Learning Tense Verb Forms? needs-teacher
When spoken we honour the pronunciation of the verb in the correct sense, for instance བཟོ་ has a past tens བཟས་, so if we speak about producing something in the present we say zo and ze in the past — except verbs སྡོད་པ་ dö and གཏོང་བ་ tong, in spoken language we always pronounce the past forms བསྡད་ de and བཏང་ tang.
I am aware of the Verbinator resource. But can we stick to some rule to make those tenses up when we don’t know them? Or we memorize by heart the most common ones? When learning a verb is it worth learning all tenses?
This Confusion Made Me Laugh 😂
Today my tutor told me they went by motorbike to the starting point of a trek སྦག་སྦག་བཞོན་ནས་ and I understood ཕག་པ་བཞོན་ནས་… Which means riding a pig. I still need to fine tune my ear so to avoid painting such surreal landscapes in my mind!
That reminds me when that aspiration also caused me a funny situation: In the monastery that way it was cold, and monks, since they sometimes wear light robes — that particular monk was with arms uncovered — I asked one at the queue of the dinning hall “Aren’t you feeling cold?” ཁྱེད་རང་འཁྱག་གི་མི་འདུག་གས། but instead of aspiring the འཁྱག་ khhhyag I said kyag སྐྱག་ and that is what’s used for excrement སྐྱག་པ་ so I asked instead “Aren’t you excrementing?”. This is the best way for my mind to learn, under the laughter. Wait, if it’s very, very cold I bet རང་གི་ལུས་པོའི་སྐྱག་པ་བཏང་འདོད་ས་རེད། your body might want to excrement 😂