Skt. tridhātu, Tib. ཁམས་གསུམ་
| # | Realm | Sanskrit | Tibetan | Defining trait |
|---|
| 1 | Desire realm | Kāmaloka | འདོད་ཁམས་ | Beings driven by desire for the five sensory objects; seek happiness outside. |
| 2 | Form realm | Rūpaloka | གཟུགས་ཁམས་ | Beings turned inward through meditative concentration; subdivided into four dhyāna levels. |
| 3 | Formless realm | Arūpaloka | གཟུགས་མེད་ཁམས་ | Meditative absorption beyond form — the subtlest realm of saṃsāra. |
| Suffering | Desire | Form | Formless |
|---|
| Manifest suffering (suffering of suffering) | ✓ | — | — |
| Suffering of change | ✓ | ✓ (1st–3rd concentrations only, not the 4th) | — |
| Pervasive conditioned suffering | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |